Lietaer B
Monetary Literacy 101 - A Short Introduction to the Why? and How? of Reforming Money working_paper
2022.
@working_paper{Lietaer2010j,
title = {Monetary Literacy 101 - A Short Introduction to the Why? and How? of Reforming Money},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Monetary-Literacy-101-Lietaer2010.pdf},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Currency Solutions for a Wiser World (Website)},
abstract = {This document presents two introductory texts and eight Question&Answer entries, as well as an extensive glossary of monetary terminology - all originally written by Bernard Lietaer for his now-defunct website “lietaer.com” (launched in 2010). Selection and minor edits were made by Helga Preuß and Leander Bindewald in 2022.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
Possibly Sharīah-Compatible global currency to stabilize the monetary system Journal Article
In: Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics, vol. 30, iss. 2, pp. 47-58, 2017, ISSN: 16584244.
@article{Lietaer2017a,
title = {Possibly Sharīah-Compatible global currency to stabilize the monetary system},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2017-Possibly-Shariah-Compatible-global-currency-to-stabilize-the-monetary-system-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
doi = {10.4197/Islec.30-2.4},
issn = {16584244},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics},
volume = {30},
issue = {2},
pages = {47-58},
abstract = {The international monetary system is structurally instable. Furthermore, all official currencies in the world today are created through bank debt, and therefore automatically involve interest. A systemic way to improve stability would be to diversify the types of currencies and the agents who create them. The proposed 'Trade Reference Currency' would be a global, purely digital currency, fully backed by a standardized basket of the major commodities in world trade such as oil, copper, gold, silver, coffee and cocoa. The storage costs of that basket would be covered by a demurrage fee paid by the bearer of the currency. Because it fits the existing legislations on countertrade (international barter), it would not require any new international agreements to start it. In addition to more stability for the whole system, this currency would also operate counter cyclically to the business cycle, realign financial interest with long-term thinking, and possibly be Shariáh-compatible.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Stodder J; Lietaer B
The Macro-Stability of Swiss WIR-Bank Credits: Balance, Velocity, and Leverage Journal Article
In: Comparative Economic Studies 2016 58:4, vol. 58, iss. 4, pp. 570-605, 2016, ISSN: 1478-3320.
@article{Stodder2016,
title = {The Macro-Stability of Swiss WIR-Bank Credits: Balance, Velocity, and Leverage},
author = {James Stodder and Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41294-016-0001-5
https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2016-The-Macro-Stability-of-Swiss-WIR-Bank-Credits-Balance-Velocity-and-Leverage-Stodder-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
doi = {10.1057/S41294-016-0001-5},
issn = {1478-3320},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
urldate = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Comparative Economic Studies 2016 58:4},
volume = {58},
issue = {4},
pages = {570-605},
publisher = {Palgrave},
abstract = {Since 1934, the Swiss Wirtschaftsring/Cercle Économique (Economic Circle), now the WIR-Bank, has issued its own currency, not backed by Swiss Francs. Turnover in WIR is countercyclical: firms use it more in a recession. A money-in-the-production-function model implies that this spending arises through larger WIR Balances for larger firms, but greater WIR Velocity for smaller ones. Panel data by industrial sector confirm this pattern, similar to commercial trade credits, a major source of non-bank credit. The countercyclical multiplier on WIR expenditures is highly leveraged, and its impact on the Swiss Economy greater than its turnover would suggest.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lietaer B; Rogers J; Kennedy M
El dinero de la gente - Monedas locales y soberanía económica Book
XES/Icaria Editorial, 2015.
@book{Lietaer2015,
title = {El dinero de la gente - Monedas locales y soberanía económica},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and John Rogers and Margrit Kennedy},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
urldate = {2015-01-01},
publisher = {XES/Icaria Editorial},
abstract = {¿Cómo sostener la economía local en un sistema global inestable, injusto y especulativo? Este libro muestra cómo las monedas locales pueden transformar la vida y el bienestar de las personas. El dinero de la gente es una herramienta de la economía social y cooperativa que potencia el capital social para cubrir necesidades locales y para crear un desarrollo humano que compense la deshumanización de la globalización. Desde la eclosión de la crisis financiera, se ha generado una ola de experimentación con monedas locales y regionales en todo el mundo: en Grecia, Francia, Holanda y Alemania; las monedas de Brixton y Bristol, en Inglaterra, están floreciendo; los bancos de tiempo viven una explosión en Estados Unidos; en España han surgido numerosas iniciativas de lanzamiento de monedas locales en los últimos cinco años; en Brasil la experiencia comunitaria del Banco Palmas se ha extendido por todo el país. Estos nuevos proyectos se suman a reconocidas y consolidadas experiencias como la del Wir suizo, una moneda complementaria que supone el 1% del PIB del país alpino. Tres expertos, con décadas de experiencia, se han unido para ofrecer una guía práctica para comprender y desarrollar las monedas regionales, y aportar una propuesta efectiva y probada para combatir la crisis en que nos ha sumido la economía neoliberal.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Stodder J; Lietaer B
WIR Currency - Reinventing Social Exchange book_section
2015.
@book_section{Stodder2015,
title = {WIR Currency - Reinventing Social Exchange},
author = {James Stodder and Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {David Bollier and Silke Helfrich},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Commoning-EN.pdf},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
urldate = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Patterns of Commoning},
pages = {204-207},
publisher = {Off The Common Books},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Lietaer B; Snick A; Kampers E
Maak je buurt uitmuntend! Book
Vlaamse Overheid, 2014.
@book{Lietaer2014,
title = {Maak je buurt uitmuntend!},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Anne Snick and Edgar Kampers},
editor = {Lieven Maesschalck and Hugo Wanner},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2014-Maak-je-buurt-uitmuntend-Lietaer-Snick-Kampers-annotated.pdf},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2014-01-01},
pages = {80},
publisher = {Vlaamse Overheid},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Lietaer B
Terra: A Currency to Stabilize the Global Economy book_section
2014.
@book_section{Lieater2014,
title = {Terra: A Currency to Stabilize the Global Economy},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Finley Eversole},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Eversole-II.pdf},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Creating A Real Wealth Economy},
pages = {231-260},
publisher = {The Creative Age},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Stodder J; Lietaer B
WIR - Eine Währung, die den Tausch neu erfindet book_section
2013.
@book_section{Stodder2013,
title = {WIR - Eine Währung, die den Tausch neu erfindet},
author = {James Stodder and Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Silke Helfrich and David Bollier and Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2013-WIR-Eine-Wahrung-die-den-Tausch-neu-erfindet-Stodder-Lietaer-annotated.pdf
https://www.band2.dieweltdercommons.de/essays/wir_waehrung.html
https://www.transcript-verlag.de/author/lietaer-bernard-320005862/},
doi = {10.1515/9783839432457-034},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
urldate = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Die Welt der Commons},
pages = {196-198},
publisher = {transcript Verlag},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Kennedy M; Lietaer B; Rogers J
People Money: The Promise of Regional Currencies Book
Triarchy Press, 2012, ISBN: 1908009764.
@book{Kennedy2012,
title = {People Money: The Promise of Regional Currencies},
author = {Margrit Kennedy and Bernard Lietaer and John Rogers},
isbn = {1908009764},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
urldate = {2012-01-01},
pages = {258},
publisher = {Triarchy Press},
abstract = {Three authors with decades of experience have teamed up to provide an up-to-date, state-of-the art field guide to the emerging movement of regional currencies. Regional currency is the Harry Potter of currencies: a wizard with hidden powers, these powers expand the field of monetary magic, which in turn expands the field of human possibility. People Money describes a global movement of people creating their own currencies to support regional business and strengthen their communities. These currencies operate legally alongside Bank Money and Government Money, giving people new choices in an age of transition from - outworn financial structures to an era of sustainable abundance.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Lietaer B; Arnsperger C; Goerner S J; Brunnhuber S
Torekes book_section
2012.
@book_section{Lietaer2012a,
title = {Torekes},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Christian Arnsperger and Sally J. Goerner and Stefan Brunnhuber},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2012-Torekes-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
urldate = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Money and Sustainability - The missing link},
pages = {168-170},
publisher = {Triarchy Press},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Hallsmith G; Lietaer B
Eating money book_section
2011.
@book_section{Hallsmith2010,
title = {Eating money},
author = {Gwendolyn Hallsmith and Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Hallsmith-Lietaer-2010-Eating-money.pdf},
issn = {1380-2038},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
urldate = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Creating Wealth - Growing Local Economies with Local Currencies},
pages = {143-161},
publisher = {New Society Publishers},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Lietaer B
Innovative Government Issued Currencies working_paper
2011.
@working_paper{Lietaer2011i,
title = {Innovative Government Issued Currencies},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2011-Innovative-Government-Issued-Currencies-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
urldate = {2011-01-01},
pages = {9},
abstract = {Until now, governments at all levels have been using three main policy instruments to encourage behaviors they consider desirable: regulations; subsidies for behaviors they want to encourage; and taxes for what they would like to discourage. However, all three approaches have their limits. Regulation can be a crude and slow tool to bring about the desired change. Usually, it has to settle for a compromised standard, and requires continuous enforcement to be effective. Furthermore, both regulations and taxes are often watered down due to lobbying efforts. Subsidies become scarce during recessions and periods of budget reductions, and tend to be cut whenever they enter in competition with more vital needs. “Is there another policy instrument available to obtain rapid, large scale behavior changes without increasing the budgetary burdens on public authorities?”},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
The Wörgl Experiment: Austria (1932-1933 ) working_paper
2010.
@working_paper{Lietaer2010d,
title = {The Wörgl Experiment: Austria (1932-1933 )},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2010-The-Worgl-Experiment-Austria-1932-1933-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
urldate = {2010-01-01},
abstract = {This is extracted from the work of Bernard Lietaer, former central banker and one of the foremost international experts on the design and implementation of currency systems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B; Kennedy M
Monedas Regionales - Nuevos Instrumentos para una prosperidad sustentable Book
La Hidra de Lerna Ediciones, 2010, ISBN: 9788461385997.
@book{Lietaer2010f,
title = {Monedas Regionales - Nuevos Instrumentos para una prosperidad sustentable},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Margrit Kennedy},
isbn = {9788461385997},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
urldate = {2010-01-01},
publisher = {La Hidra de Lerna Ediciones},
abstract = {Se entiende por sistemas monetarios sociales, también conocidos como alternativos, comunitarios, complementarios, locales, paralelos, etcétera, a aquellos sistemas monetarios que se crean al margen de las monedas oficiales del país, y que tienen como objetivo fundamental la promoción de proyectos económicos y sociales de carácter local, a la vez que la puesta en valor de los activos y recursos locales que no se encuentran dentro de los círculos y circuitos ordinarios de intercambio debido a la escasez de la moneda oficial. La implantación de estos sistemas monetarios permite promover transacciones económicas que de otro modo no tendrían lugar por ser la moneda oficial escasa. En definitiva, son sistemas organizados y gestionados destinados al intercambio de determinados productos y servicios producidos en el ámbito local. Por lo tanto, necesariamente han de ser sistemas con una dimensión espacial limitada, basados en conceptos de vecindad, solidaridad, conocimiento y confianza mutuos. No obstante, entre cada una de las denominaciones que hemos mencionado existen matices y diferencias. Por cuestiones de espacio vamos a tratar todos ellos de forma unívoca como monedas sociales, destacando lo que es común, y, sobre todo, los aspectos de solidaridad comunal. Según los defensores de la economía de solidaridad, son sistemas que contrastan con los mecanismos e instituciones de la economía dominante, fundamentalmente los bancos centrales y la banca privada, instituciones que son claramente recelosos de los sistemas monetarios sociales o complementarios. Según la doctrina militante de los sistemas monetarios sociales, los bancos centrales crean escasez de dinero y es precisamente la escasez de dinero la que genera las crisis y paraliza los sistemas económicos locales. En efecto, “las monedas nacionales convencionales y lo sistemas monetarios han sido programados para generar competencia y mantener la escasez. Si existen otras monedas disponibles, tendrá sentido continuar usando las monedas convencionales para los negocios, adquirir un auto, pagar el combustible o la cuenta del teléfono; pero para comunicarse con los vecinos, ocuparse de las personas mayores o ampliar los horizontes educativos de los niños, tal vez deba contemplarse el uso de una moneda que favorezca la cooperación.” (Lietaer) Los autores plantean una nueva forma de desarrollo económico regional estimulado por las monedas regionales o monedas complementarias. En el libro se hace una revisión conceptual y se abordan numerosas experiencias de éxito en el ámbito de las monedas complementarias en todo el mundo, así como las oportunidades que presentan para salir de la presente crisis. Las monedas complementarias y regionales no son sólo un instrumento de desarrollo económico, sino que es un instrumento transversal por el que se pueden alcanzar objetivos de carácter medioambiental, social, asistencial, sanitarios, etc. Las monedas complementarias surgieron en la Gran Depresión, y Japón se ha convertido en la actualidad en uno de sus principales bancos de pruebas.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Lietaer B
Commercial Credit Circuit (C3): A Financial Innovation to Structurally Address Unemployment working_paper
2009.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008a,
title = {Commercial Credit Circuit (C3): A Financial Innovation to Structurally Address Unemployment},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-Commercial-Credit-Circuit-C3-A-Financial-Innovation-to-Structurally-Address-Unemployment-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
urldate = {2009-01-01},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B; Ulanowicz R E; Goerner S J
Options for managing a systemic bank crisis Journal Article
In: Sapiens, vol. 2, iss. 1, pp. 1-15, 2009, ISSN: 1993-3819.
@article{Lietaer2009,
title = {Options for managing a systemic bank crisis},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Robert E. Ulanowicz and Sally J. Goerner},
url = {http://sapiens.revues.org/747https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2009-Options-for-managing-a-systemic-bank-crisis-Lietaer-Ulanowicz-Goerner2-annotated.pdf},
issn = {1993-3819},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
urldate = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Sapiens},
volume = {2},
issue = {1},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {The on-going financial crisis results not from a cyclical or managerial failure, but from a structural one: more than 96 other major banking crises occurred over the past 20 years, and these crashes have happened under very different regulatory systems and at different stages of economic development. So far, conventional solutions are being applied?nationalization of the problem assets (as in the original Paulson bailout) or nationalization of the banks (as in Europe). These solutions only deal with the symptoms and not the systemic cause of today?s banking crisis. Similarly, the financial re-regulation that will be on everybody?s political agenda will, at best, reduce the frequency of such crises, but not avoid their re-occurrence. Better solutions are urgently needed because the last breakdown of this magnitude, the Great Depression of the 1930s, ended up in a wave of fascism and World War II. In this paper, we describe a recent conceptual breakthrough?based on the functioning of balanced ecosystems? that shows that all complex systems, including our monetary and financial ones, become structurally unstable whenever efficiency is overemphasized at the expense of diversity, interconnectivity and the crucial resilience they provide. The surprising insight from a systemic perspective is that sustainable vitality involves diversifying the types of currencies and institutions and introducing new ones that are designed specifically to increase the availability of money in its prime function as a medium of exchange, rather than for savings or speculation. Additionally, these currencies are expressly designed to link unused resources with unmet needs within a community, region or country. These currencies are know as complementary because they do not replace the conventional national money, but rather, operate in parallel with it. We propose that a systemic understanding and technical solution are now available that would ensure that such crashes become a phenomenon of the past. The most effective way for governments to support such a strategy of a more diverse and sustainable monetary ecology would be to accept a well-designed, robust complementary currency in partial payment of taxes during a period when banks are not in a position to fully finance the real economy. The choice of a complementary currency reflects both a technical issue (robustness and resilience against fraud) and a political one (what type of programs are desirable to support). A good candidate for consideration would be a professionally run business-to-business (B2B) complementary currency based on the model of the WIR system. This currency has been successfully operational for 75 years in Switzerland, involving a quarter of all the businesses in that country. Formal econometric analysis has proven that the WIR acts as a significant counter-cyclical stabilizing factor that explains the proverbial long-standing stability of the Swiss economy.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lietaer B; Ulanowicz R E; Goerner S J
All the Options for Managing a Systemic Bank Crisis working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008b,
title = {All the Options for Managing a Systemic Bank Crisis},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Robert E. Ulanowicz and Sally J. Goerner},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-All-the-Options-for-Managing-a-Systemic-Bank-Crisis-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
pages = {30},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B; Kennedy M
Monnaies Régionales: de nouvelles voies vers une prospérité durable Book
Éditions Charles Léopold Mayer (ECLM), 2008.
@book{Lietaer2008e,
title = {Monnaies Régionales: de nouvelles voies vers une prospérité durable},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Margrit Kennedy},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
publisher = {Éditions Charles Léopold Mayer (ECLM)},
abstract = {La réflexion menée par Bernard Lietaer et Margrit Kennedy sur les fonctions de la monnaie et les moyens divers d’assumer ces fonctions, sur la coexistence, tout au long de l’histoire, de différentes monnaies replace dans une vaste fresque historique les expériences de monnaies complémentaires. Ce livre nous emmène en Suisse visiter le Wir, au Japon, découvrir le Fureai-kippu mais aussi à Bali, dans l’ancien Ghana ou encore dans le Moyen-Age d’Europe occidentale.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Lietaer B; Ulanowicz R E; Goerner S J
Toutes les options pour gérer une crise bancaire systémique working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008i,
title = {Toutes les options pour gérer une crise bancaire systémique},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Robert E. Ulanowicz and Sally J. Goerner},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-Toutes-les-options-pour-gerer-une-crise-bancaire-systemique-Lietaer-Ulanowicz-Goerner-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
pages = {37},
publisher = {Etopia},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B; Ulanowicz R E; Goerner S J
Opties voor het beheren van een systeemcrisis bij de banken working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008h,
title = {Opties voor het beheren van een systeemcrisis bij de banken},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Robert E. Ulanowicz and Sally J. Goerner},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-Opties-voor-het-beheren-van-een-systeemcrisis-bij-de-banken-Lietaer-Ulanowicz-Goerner-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
abstract = {De huidige financiële crisis is niet het resultaat van een management falen of cyclische fouten maar van structurele problemen: in de voorbije 20 jaar hebben we meer dan 96 grote bankcrisissen gekend, en deze ineenstortingen kwamen voor onder erg verschillende reguleringssystemen en in verschillende ontwikkelingsstadia van een economie. Totnogtoe zijn enkel conventionele oplossingen toegepast – nationalisering van de probleemkredieten (zoals in het originele Paulson reddingsplan) of nationalisering van banken (zoals in Europa). Deze maatregelen verhelpen enkel de symptomen maar niet de systeemeigen oorzaak van de huidige bankcrisis. Op dezelfde manier zullen de financiële herreguleringen, die op ieders politieke agenda zullen staan, hoogstens de regelmaat van een dergelijke crisis verminderen, maar niet vermijden dat het opnieuw gebeurt. Betere oplossingen zijn dringend aan de orde, want de vorige instorting van die omvang, de Grote Depressie van de jaren ’30, draaide uit op een golf van fascisme en wereldoorlog II. In deze verhandeling beschrijven we een recente conceptuele doorbraak, gebaseerd op ecosystemen in evenwicht, die aantoont dat alle complexe systemen, ook monetaire en financiële, structureel labiel worden wanneer teveel nadruk ligt op efficiëntie, ten koste van diversiteit en verbondenheid die de cruciale veerkracht verzekeren. Het punt is niet dat ecosystemen een handige metafoor zijn om economie te beschrijven. Het punt is dat economie en ecosystemen dieperliggende wetten volgen die voor alle complexe kringloopsystemen gelden, zo ook economie en ecosystemen. Het verrassende inzicht dat dit systeemperspectief brengt, is dat duurzame dynamiek op financieel gebied een diversificatie van betaalmiddelen en instituties vraagt, via het invoeren van nieuwe betaalmiddelen, speciaal ontworpen om geld meer beschikbaar te hebben in zijn primaire functie van ruilmiddel, eerder dan van spaar- of speculatiemiddel. Bovendien zijn deze middelen speciaal ontworpen om onbenutte deugden te verenigen met onvervulde noden in een gemeenschap, regio of land. Deze betaalmiddelen noemen we complementair omdat ze de conventionele, nationale munt niet vervangen maar daar parallel mee functioneren. Deze systeembenadering is beschikbaar, en alles is in gereedheid om een technische oplossing te implementeren die ervoor zorgt dat de vernietigende effecten van bancaire en/of monetaire crashes tot het verleden behoren. Een overheid kan deze strategie van grotere diversiteit en duurzaamheid in munten het best ondersteunen door gedeeltelijk, in periodes waar banken niet meer in staat zijn om de echte economie voldoende te financieren, betalingen van belasting te aanvaarden in een goed ontworpen complementaire munt. De keuze van het complementair systeem is een technische aangelegenheid (duurzaam en bestand tegen fraude) en een politieke (welke activiteiten willen we steunen). Een goede kandidaat is een complementaire, professioneel beheerde, business-to-business (B2B) munt, naar het voorbeeld van het WIR-systeem. Deze munt is al 75 jaar succesvol in Zwitserland, en vertegenwoordigt vandaag een kwart van alle business in het land. Econometrische analyses door vakgenoten hebben uitgewezen dat de WIR een belangrijke, contracyclische, stabiliserende factor is die de spreekwoordelijke stabiliteit van de Zwitserse economie verklaart.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B; Ulanowicz R E; Goerner S J
Opciones para gestionar la crisis sistémica de la Banca working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008d,
title = {Opciones para gestionar la crisis sistémica de la Banca},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Robert E. Ulanowicz and Sally J. Goerner},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-Opciones-para-gestionar-la-crisis-sistemica-de-la-Banca-Lietaer-Ulanowicz-Goerner-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
abstract = {La crisis financiera que sufrimos no es el resultado de un fallo cíclico o de gestión, sino que es estructural. Parte de la evidencia para esta afirmación es que ya ha habido más de 96 importantes crisis bancarias en los últimos 20 años, y que ese tipo de incidentes han ocurrido incluso bajo muy diferentes sistemas de regulación y en diferentes estadios de desarrollo económico. Necesitamos urgentemente encontrar mejores soluciones porque la última vez que nos enfrentamos a un fallo de esta magnitud, la gran Depresión de los años 30 acabó con una ola de fascismo y con la 2ª guerra mundial. Porque aplicando las soluciones convencionales, (nacionalización de activos problemáticos, como en el original rescate de Paulson, o la nacionalización de los bancos (como en Europa), sólo estamos tratando los síntomas, no la causa estructural de la crisis bancaria actual. Análogamente, la regulación financiera que está en la agenda política de todos, como mucho reducirá la frecuencia de este tipo de crisis, pero no evitará su recurrencia. La buena noticia es que ahora disponemos de una comprensión sistémica y de soluciones técnicas para lograr que estas crisis se conviertan en un fenómeno del pasado. Un descubrimiento conceptual reciente que proviene de la observación de los ecosistemas, equilibrados, con una estructura razonable, y altamente funcionales, prueba que cualquier sistema complejo, incluidos nuestros sistemas monetarios y financieros, se vuelven estructuralmente inestables cuando se sobre-enfatiza la eficiencia a expensas de la diversidad, la inter-conectividad y la crucial resiliencia que estas proveen. La sorprendente “a-ha” sistémica es que una vitalidad sostenible implica diversificar nuestros tipos de moneda e instituciones, introduciendo otros que estén específicamente diseñados para incrementar la disponibilidad de dinero en su función primaria como medio de intercambio, más que para ahorro o especulación. Además, esas monedas se diseñan expresamente para conectar lo que de otra manera quedarían como recursos sin usar y necesidades no cubiertas dentro de una comunidad, región o país. Este tipo de monedas se conocen como “complementarias” porque no reemplazan a la moneda nacional convencional, sino que más bien operan en paralelo con ella. La manera más efectiva para los gobiernos de apoyar esta estrategia de una ecología monetaria más diversa y sostenible, sería aceptar una robusta y bien elegida moneda local para el pago parcial de impuestos, durante el período en que los bancos no estén en situación de financiar totalmente la economía real. La elección de qué moneda complementaria aceptar, refleja tanto un aspecto técnico (robustez y resiliencia contra el fraude) como un asunto político (qué tipo de actividades se quieren apoyar). Recomendamos como un primer candidato para este papel, una moneda complementaria para intercambio entre profesiones, negocio por negocio (B2B), según el modelo del sistema WIR que ha funcionado bien durante 75 años en Suiza, implicando a la cuarta parte de los negocios del país. Este sistema ha sido acreditado por un análisis econométrico americano, como un significante factor estabilizador contra cíclico, que explica la proverbial estabilidad de la economía suiza.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B; Ulanowicz R E; Goerner S J
Wege zur Bewältigung systemischer Bankenkrisen working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008g,
title = {Wege zur Bewältigung systemischer Bankenkrisen},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Robert E. Ulanowicz and Sally J. Goerner},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-Wege-zur-Bewaltigung-systemischer-Bankenkrisen-Lietaer-Ulanowicz-Goerner-annotated.pdf},
isbn = {9781119130536},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
pages = {30},
abstract = {Die fortlaufende Finanzkrise ist nicht das Ergebnis eines zyklisch auftretenden oder betriebswirtschaftlichen Versagens, sondern strukturell bedingt. Diese Aussage wird unter anderem dadurch belegt, dass es im Laufe der vergangenen 20 Jahre bereits mehr als 96 bedeutende Bankenkrisen gegeben hat und dass solche Pleiten auch in verschiedenen Kontrollsystemen und Stadien der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung passiert sind. Wir müssen dringend bessere Lösungen finden, denn als wir dem letzten Zusammenbruch dieses Ausmaßes gegenüber standen - der Weltwirtschaftskrise der 1930-er Jahre - führte dies zu einer Welle des Faschismus und zum zweiten Weltkrieg. Doch die bisher angewendeten üblichen Lösungen – Verstaatlichung der Problem-Aktiva (wie im ursprünglichen Paulson-Rettungsplan) oder Verstaatlichung der Banken (wie in Europa) – behandeln nur die Symptome, nicht die grundlegende Ursache der derzeitigen Bankenkrise. Auch wird die Neuregulierung des Finanzsektors, die alle auf ihrer politischen Agenda haben, im besten Fall die Häufigkeit solcher Krisen reduzieren, nicht aber ihr erneutes Auftreten verhindern. Die gute Nachricht: Es stehen nun eine systemische Betrachtungsweise und eine fachgerechte Lösung zur Verfügung, die aus solchen Pleiten ein Phänomen der Vergangenheit machen würde. Durch einen kürzlich erfolgten wissenschaftlichen Durchbruch, der das Konzept ausbalancierter, strukturell intakter und gut funktionierender Ökosystemen erklärt, lässt sich nun belegen, dass alle komplexen Systeme – einschließlich der monetären und finanziellen – strukturell instabil werden, sobald die Produktivität überbetont wird auf Kosten von Vielfalt und Vernetzung sowie der entscheidenden Widerstandsfähigkeit, die diese bieten. Das überraschend Grundlegende und Anwendbare dieser Erkenntnis liegt darin, dass es zu nachhaltigem Wohlstand gehört, Vielfalt auch in unsere Währungen und dazugehörigen Institutionen zu bringen, und damit die Verfügbarkeit von Geld in seiner wesentlichen Funktion als Tauschmittel zu erhöhen, statt als Mittel zum Sparen und für Spekulation. Zudem sind diese Währungen speziell so gestaltet, dass sie andernfalls ungenutzte Ressourcen mit unbefriedigten Bedürfnissen innerhalb einer Gemeinschaft, einer Region oder eines Landes verbinden. Diese Währungen werden als „ergänzend“ bezeichnet, weil sie das national gebräuchliche Geld nicht ersetzen, sondern vielmehr parallel dazu benutzt werden.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
Le C3 (« Circuit de Crédit Commercial ») - Une innovation financière stimulant structurellement l’emploi working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008f,
title = {Le C3 (« Circuit de Crédit Commercial ») - Une innovation financière stimulant structurellement l’emploi},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-Le-C3-Circuit-de-Credit-Commercial-Une-innovation-financiere-stimulant-structurellement-lemploi-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
pages = {3},
abstract = {Ce qui a commencé comme une crise bancaire et financière en 2008, devient rapidement une crise majeure de l’emploi. C’est aussi quelque chose de bien connu que la majorité des emplois sont fournis par les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). Et la survie de beaucoup d’entre elles est maintenant en question, à cause de problèmes de trésorerie. Le},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
El C3: « Circuito de Crédito Comercial » working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008k,
title = {El C3: « Circuito de Crédito Comercial »},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-El-C3-Circuito-de-Credito-Comercial-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
pages = {4},
abstract = {Lo que ha comenzado como una crisis bancaria y financiera en 2008, se está convirtiendo rápidamente en una gran crisis de empleo. Es también sabido que la mayor parte del empleo es proporcionado por las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES). Y la supervivencia de muchas de ellas está cuestionada debido a problemas de tesorería. El},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Silvestre T; Lietaer B
The Terra (Interview) working_paper
2008.
@working_paper{Lietaer2008n,
title = {The Terra (Interview)},
author = {Tesa Silvestre and Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008-The-Terra-Interview-Silvestre-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
Komplementärwährungen in Japan: Geschichte, Originalität und Relevanz book_section
2008.
@book_section{Lietaer2008o,
title = {Komplementärwährungen in Japan: Geschichte, Originalität und Relevanz},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Mathias Weis and Heiko Spitzeck},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/KWs-Japan-2008.pdf},
isbn = {978 3 258 07314 9},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Der Geldkomplex - Kritische Reflexion unseres Geldsystems und mögliche Zukunftsszenarien},
volume = {41},
pages = {208-231},
publisher = {Haupt},
edition = {Wirtschaftsethik},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Lietaer B
Das Terra TRC Weissbuch book_section
2008.
@book_section{Lietaer2008p,
title = {Das Terra TRC Weissbuch},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Mathias Weis and Heiko Spitzeck},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Terra-Weissbuch-2008.pdf},
isbn = {978 3 258 07314 9},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Der Geldkomplex - Kritische Reflexion unseres Geldsystems und mögliche Zukunftsszenarien},
volume = {41},
pages = {114-134},
publisher = {Haupt},
edition = {Wirtschaftsethik},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Lietaer B
Proposal for a Education Complementary Currency book_section
2007.
@book_section{Ndukwe2007,
title = {Proposal for a Education Complementary Currency},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Ernest Ndukwe and Carlos Rodriguez and Ndidi Nnoli-Edozien and Obiora F. Ike},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2007-Proposal-for-a-Education-Complementary-Currency-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
issn = {1463-6697},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
urldate = {2007-01-01},
journal = {ICT for education and development},
pages = {289-294},
publisher = {CIDJAP Publishers},
abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to assess the contribution that information communication technology (ICT) can make in development and education, covering different application fields. Design/methodology/approach This work looks into the practical application of ICTs covering the application possibilities, the limitations and the methodological application. Information has been taken from multiple real experiences. Findings The paper finds that there are significant opportunities for improving the benefits of integrating ICTs within development programs. Limitations should be accepted at present while a holistic approach should be taken to consider the real local needs. Originality/value ICTs should be taken into account within multiple development programs as a tool to improve their efficiency. Limitations are covered in the paper, as well as recommendations about the deployment of ICT infrastructures with other development targets.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Ardron M; Lietaer B
Complementary Currency Innovation: self-guarantee in peer-to-peer currencies Journal Article
In: International Journal of Community Currency Research, vol. 10, pp. 1-7, 2006.
@article{Ardron2006,
title = {Complementary Currency Innovation: self-guarantee in peer-to-peer currencies},
author = {Mitra Ardron and Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2006-Complementary-Currency-Innovation-self-guarantee-in-peer-to-peer-currencies-Ardron-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
urldate = {2006-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Community Currency Research},
volume = {10},
pages = {1-7},
abstract = {The WAT system, as used in Japan, allows for businesses to issue their own tickets (IOU's) which can circulate as a complementary currency within a community. This paper proposes a variation on that model, where the issuer of a ticket can offer a guarantee, in the form of some goods or services. The difference in value, along with a reasonable acceptance that the issuer is capable of delivering the service or goods, allows for a higher degree of confidence in the ticket, and therefore a greater liquidity.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lietaer B
A Proposal for a Brazilian Education Complementary Currency [the "Saber"] Journal Article
In: International Journal of Community Currency Research, vol. 10, pp. 18-23, 2006.
@article{Lietaer2006a,
title = {A Proposal for a Brazilian Education Complementary Currency [the "Saber"]},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2006-A-Proposal-for-a-Brazilian-Education-Complementary-Currency-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
urldate = {2006-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Community Currency Research},
volume = {10},
pages = {18-23},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hudon M; Lietaer B
"Natural savings": a new microsavings product for inflationary environments. - How to save forests with savings for and by the poor? Journal Article
In: Savings and Development, vol. 30, iss. 4, pp. 357-380, 2006, ISSN: 03934551.
@article{Hudon2006,
title = {"Natural savings": a new microsavings product for inflationary environments. - How to save forests with savings for and by the poor?},
author = {Marek Hudon and Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/25830941},
issn = {03934551},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
urldate = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Savings and Development},
volume = {30},
issue = {4},
pages = {357-380},
abstract = {Decentralized sustainable resource management in developing countries is important both from a poverty-reduction and an ecological viewpoint. At the same time, no financial instrument is available that enables small savings to be protected against the vagaries of monetary instabilities and inflation. This paper proposes a solution that would address all three issues simultaneously: an inflation-proof savings instrument, fully backed by the organic growth process of a local resource, which at the same time gives a market-based financial incentive to protect that natural resource. A specific example involving sustainable forestry plantations in the Third World is provided.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lietaer B; Hallsmith G
Community Currency Guide working_paper
2006.
@working_paper{Lietaer2006,
title = {Community Currency Guide},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Gwendolyn Hallsmith},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2006-Community-Currency-Guide-Lietaer-Hallsmith-annotated.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
urldate = {2006-01-01},
pages = {1-32},
abstract = {Very good introduction to local currencies with good references on money and websites},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
The Future of Global Economy - The Terra Currency Journal Article
In: Humanitad, vol. 1, iss. 1, pp. 30-36, 2006.
@article{Lietaer2006h,
title = {The Future of Global Economy - The Terra Currency},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Humantad-2006.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
urldate = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Humanitad},
volume = {1},
issue = {1},
pages = {30-36},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lietaer B
The Terra TRC White Paper working_paper
2004.
@working_paper{Lietaer2004a,
title = {The Terra TRC White Paper},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2004-The-Terra-TRC-White-Paper-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
pages = {1-19},
institution = {Access Foundation},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
Complementary currencies in Japan today: History, originality and relevance Journal Article
In: International Journal of Community Currency Research, vol. 8, pp. 1-23, 2004.
@article{Lietaer2004,
title = {Complementary currencies in Japan today: History, originality and relevance},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2004-Complementary-currencies-in-Japan-today-History-originality-and-relevance-Lietaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Community Currency Research},
volume = {8},
pages = {1-23},
abstract = {Since 1995 the number of experiments with complementary currencies in Japan has exploded. Not only is Japan the country in the world with the most systems in operation today, but also the nation with the greatest diversity of such experiments. The aim of this paper is to bring to light the strata of the heterogeneous Japanese schools of complementary currencies, and describe how they relate to each other. It provides a description of the different models used in each school, as well as their numbers and locations. Finally, the most original models are highlighted, and the relevance of these experiments for the rest of the world is evaluated.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kennedy M; Lietaer B
Regionalwährungen - Neue Wege zu nachhaltigem Wohlstand Book
Riemann, 2004, ISBN: 978-3570500521.
@book{Kennedy2004,
title = {Regionalwährungen - Neue Wege zu nachhaltigem Wohlstand},
author = {Margrit Kennedy and Bernard Lietaer},
isbn = {978-3570500521},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
pages = {304},
publisher = {Riemann},
abstract = {Das so selbstverständlich gewordene und scheinbar gut funktionierende kapitalistische Wirtschaftssystem gerät ins Stocken. Eine Arbeitslosenquote von über 10 Prozent stellt nicht nur unsere Sozialsysteme vor eine Zerreißprobe, sondern bringt die öffentlichen Haushalte in größte Not. Wenn einerseits immer mehr produziert, andererseits Geld für die überwiegende Mehrheit zunehmend knapp wird, muss nach Erklärungen für diesen scheinbaren Widerspruch gesucht werden. Höchste Zeit, grundsätzliche Fragen zu stellen! Margrit Kennedy und Bernard Lietaer, die sich beide schon seit zwei Jahrzehnten mit der Thematik unserer Geldqualität auseinander setzen, untersuche},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Lietaer B
Terra oder die Zukunft des Geldes book_section
2003.
@book_section{Lietaer2003b,
title = {Terra oder die Zukunft des Geldes},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Dirk Baecker},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
urldate = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Viele Gelder},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}
Lietaer B; DeMeulenaere S
Sustaining cultural vitality in a globalizing world: the Balinese example Journal Article
In: International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 30, iss. 9, pp. 967-984, 2003, ISSN: 0306-8293.
@article{Lietaer2003a,
title = {Sustaining cultural vitality in a globalizing world: the Balinese example},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Stephen DeMeulenaere},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2003-Sustaining-cultural-vitality-in-a-globalizing-world-the-Balinese-example-Lietaer-Meulenaere-annotated.pdf},
doi = {10.1108/03068290310487531},
issn = {0306-8293},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
urldate = {2003-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Social Economics},
volume = {30},
issue = {9},
pages = {967-984},
abstract = {It is generally accepted that massive tourism and a vibrant indigenous culture are mutually exclusive. Bali has so far proven to be an exception to this rule. This article explores a hitherto overlooked socio-economic mechanism behind that exception. It is a dual complementary currency system used for centuries by highly decentralized and democratic decision-making organizations. The reasons why such a dual currency system is so effective in mobilizing popular cultural creativity is investigated, and a systems framework is proposed to determine the conditions under which this model could be applicable outside of Bali. This framework is then tested with a second case study: traditional shell currencies in Papua New Guinea. Finally, some potential applications in areas in the world other than traditional cultures are portrayed.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lietaer B; DeMeulenaere S
Kedinamisan Kehidupan Budaya yang Berkelanjutan dalam Era Globalisasi Dunia: Masyarakat Bali Sebagai Contoh working_paper
2003.
@working_paper{Lietaer2003c,
title = {Kedinamisan Kehidupan Budaya yang Berkelanjutan dalam Era Globalisasi Dunia: Masyarakat Bali Sebagai Contoh},
author = {Bernard Lietaer and Stephen DeMeulenaere},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2003-Kedinamisan-Kehidupan-Budaya-yang-Berkelanjutan-dalam-Era-Globalisasi-Dunia-Masyarakat-Bali-Sebagai-Contoh-Lietaer-DeMeulenaer-annotated.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
urldate = {2003-01-01},
abstract = {Sudah diterima secara umum bahwa turisme yang sangat besar dan kemenarikan budaya asli adalah saling mempengaruhi. Bali sejauh ini terbukti menjadi sebuah perkecualian bila dilihat dari pandangan ini. Tulisan ini menceritakan lebih lanjut pengamatan cara kerja ekonomi sosial di belakangnya sampai waktu ini, mengapa sampai bisa dikecualikan. Di sini terdapat sistem keragaman mata uang yang digunakan berabad-abad lamanya oleh organisasi pembuat keputusan yang terpusat dan demokratis. Alasan mengapa digunakannya sistem alat tukar yang beragam ini adalah sistem ini terbukti sangat efektif dalam menggerakkan kreatifitas budaya yang populer; dan pada waktu mendatang kerangka kerja sistem ini untuk menjelaskan kondisi dimana model ini bisa diterapkan di luar Bali. Kerangka kerja ini juga sudah dicoba di studi kasus yang kedua: alat tukar tradisional kerang di Papua New Guinea. Pada akhirnya, beberapa penerapan yang potensial di beberapa tempat di dunia selain alat tukar tradisional bisa diketahui. Kata},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
Internet Currencies for Virtual Communities working_paper
1997.
@working_paper{Lietaer1997,
title = {Internet Currencies for Virtual Communities},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/1997-Internet-Currencies-for-Virtual-Communities-by-Bernard-Lietaer-How-Currency-can-Weave-or-Unravel-Community-Fabric-The-Net-an-I-annotated.pdf},
year = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
urldate = {1997-01-01},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {working_paper}
}
Lietaer B
Global Currency Proposal book_section
1996.
@book_section{Lietaer1996,
title = {Global Currency Proposal},
author = {Bernard Lietaer},
editor = {Jo Marie Griesgraber and Bernhard G. Gunter},
url = {https://bernard-lietaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Rethinking-Bretton-Woods.pdf},
isbn = {0745310516},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
urldate = {1996-01-01},
journal = {The World's Monetary System - Toward Stability and Sustainability in the Twenty-first Century},
volume = {IV},
pages = {94-114},
publisher = {Pluto Press},
edition = {Rethinking B.W.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book_section}
}